Javan surili

Species of Old World monkey

Javan surili[1]
Conservation status

Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Presbytis
Species:
P. comata
Binomial name
Presbytis comata
(Desmarest, 1822)
Javan surili range

The Javan surili (Presbytis comata) is a vulnerable species of Old World monkey endemic to the western half of Java, Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot. Other common names by which it is known by include gray, grizzled or Sunda Island surili; grizzled or stripe-crested langur; Javan grizzled langur; grizzled, Java or Javan leaf monkey; langur gris.[3]

There are two subspecies of the Javan surili:

  • Presbytis comata comata - Occurs in western Java
  • Presbytis comata fredericae - Occurs in central Java

This colobine species has a sacculated stomach to assist the breakdown in the cellulose from the leaves it feeds on. It has a small, slender face and tail, and large round stomachs. Its coloring ranges from dark gray to white. Leaf monkeys tend to be active during the day, spending up to 5 hours grooming themselves.

Distribution

The Javan surili is found in the western half of Java, Indonesia. It ranges as far east as Mt. Lawu on the border with East Java.[3] According to a recent study, this species is mostly confined to Sundaland due to changes in the geography, sea level and vegetation that occurred during the Pleistocene era, and partly due to the type of vegetation and soil there today.[4] The Javan surili lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforests, with an altitudnal range of 2500 meters.[5]

Ecology

The Javan surili mostly consumes leaves, however, it will also consume flowers, fruits, and seeds.[4] This species appears to be more folivorous than any other member of the genus Presbytis, with over 62% of its overall diet composed of young leaves and 6% of mature leaves.[6]

Conservation

This species is currently listed on the IUCN red list of vulnerable species because of habitat loss due to human activity.[2] It is estimated that fewer than 1,000 exist today in their natural habitat and only 4% of their natural habitat remains.[3] Most of the loss of its original habitat is due to the clearing of the rainforests in Indonesia. Only 4% of its original habitat remains and the population has decreased by at least 50% in the last ten years.[7] Of the two subspecies of P. comata, the frediricae subspecies is among the rarest and most at risk for extinction, located in one of the most highly populated areas on the island and near an active volcano.[8]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Masicott, P. "Grizzled Leaf Monkey". Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  4. ^ a b Mejiaard, E.; Groves, C.P. (2004). "The Biogeographical Evolution and Phylogeny of the Genus Presbytis.". Primate Report. 68 (1): 71–90.
  5. ^ Flannery, S. "Grizzled Leaf Monkey (Presbytis comata)". Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  6. ^ Bennett, A.; Davies, G. (1994). "The Ecology of Asian Columbines". In Davies A.G.; Oates, J.F. (eds.). Colobine Monkeys: Their Ecology, Behaviour, and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780521331531.
  7. ^ "Grizzled Leaf Monkey". Retrieved 2007-04-28.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Nijman, V. (1997). "Geographical Variation in Pelage Characteristics in Grizzled Leaf Monkey Presbytis comata (Desmarest, 1822)". Contributions to Zoology. 66 (4): 257–264.
  • v
  • t
  • e
Extant species of family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) (subfamily Colobinae)
African group
Colobus
(Black and white colobi)
  • Black colobus (C. satanas)
  • Angola colobus (C. angolensis)
  • King colobus (C. polykomos)
  • Ursine colobus (C. vellerosus)
  • Mantled guereza (C. guereza)
Piliocolobus
(Red colobi)
  • Western red colobus (P. badius)
  • Miss Waldron's red colobus (P. waldronae)
  • Pennant's colobus (P. pennantii)
  • Preuss's red colobus (P. preussi)
  • Thollon's red colobus (P. tholloni)
  • Foa's red colobus (P. foai)
  • Ugandan red colobus (P. tephrosceles)
  • Udzungwa red colobus (P. gordonorum)
  • Zanzibar red colobus (P. kirkii)
  • Tana River red colobus (P. rufomitratus)
  • Niger Delta red colobus (P. epieni)
  • Bouvier's red colobus (P. bouvieri)
  • Semliki red colobus (P. semlikiensis)
  • Lang's red colobus (P. langi)
  • Oustalet's red colobus (P. oustaleti)
  • Lomami red colobus (P. parmentieri)
  • Ulindi River red colobus (P. lulindicus)
Procolobus
  • Olive colobus (P. verus)
Langur group
Semnopithecus
(Gray langurs)
  • Nepal gray langur (S. schistaceus)
  • Kashmir gray langur (S. ajax)
  • Tarai gray langur (S. hector)
  • Northern plains gray langur (S. entellus)
  • Black-footed gray langur (S. hypoleucos)
  • Tufted gray langur (S. priam)
  • Purple-faced langur (S. vetulus)
  • Nilgiri langur (S. johnii)
Trachypithecus
  • T. cristatus group: East Javan langur (T. auratus)
  • West Javan langur (T. mauritius)
  • Silvery lutung (T. cristatus)
  • Germain's langur (T. germaini)
  • Annamese langur (T. margarita)
  • Tenasserim lutung (T. barbei)
  • Selangor silvered langur (T. selangorensis)
  • T. obscurus group: Dusky leaf monkey (T. obscurus)
  • Indochinese grey langur (T. crepusculus)
  • Phayre's leaf monkey (T. phayrei)
  • Popa langur (T. popa)
  • T. pileatus group: Capped langur (T. pileatus)
  • Shortridge's langur (T. shortridgei)
  • Gee's golden langur (T. geei)
  • T. francoisi group: François' langur (T. francoisi)
  • Hatinh langur (T. hatinhensis)
  • Cat Ba langur (T. poliocephalus)
  • White-headed langur (T. leucocephalus)
  • Laotian langur (T. laotum)
  • Delacour's langur (T. delacouri)
  • Indochinese black langur (T. ebenus)
Presbytis
(Surilis)
  • Black-crested Sumatran langur (P. melalophos)
  • Black-and-white langur (P. bicolor)
  • Black Sumatran langur (P. sumatrana)
  • Mitered langur (P. mitrata)
  • Raffles' banded langur (P. femoralis)
  • Robinson's banded langur (P. robinsoni)
  • East Sumatran banded langur (P. percura)
  • Sarawak surili (P. chrysomelas)
  • White-thighed surili (P. siamensis)
  • White-fronted surili (P. frontata)
  • Javan surili (P. comata)
  • Thomas's langur (P. thomasi)
  • Hose's langur (P. hosei)
  • Miller's langur (P. canicrus)
  • Sabah grizzled langur (P. sabana)
  • Maroon leaf monkey (P. rubicunda)
  • Mentawai langur (P. potenziani)
  • Siberut langur (P. siberu)
  • Natuna Island surili (P. natunae)
Odd-nosed group
Pygathrix
(Doucs)
  • Red-shanked douc (P. nemaeus)
  • Black-shanked douc (P. nigripes)
  • Gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea)
Rhinopithecus
(Snub-nosed monkeys)
  • Golden snub-nosed monkey (R. roxellana)
  • Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (R. bieti)
  • Gray snub-nosed monkey (R. brelichi)
  • Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (R. avunculus)
  • Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (R. strykeri)
Nasalis
  • Proboscis monkey (N. larvatus)
Simias
  • Pig-tailed langur (S. concolor)
Category
Taxon identifiers
Presbytis comata
Semnopithecus comatus